Assessing Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Vegetation Cover and Urban Expansion in Hambantota Municipal Council (2001-2024) Using Geospatial Techniques

Vegetation plays a vital role in ecosystems by regulating water, carbon, and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles and serving as the foundation of food chains. However, urbanization and infrastructure development often result in significant land cover changes, posing challenges to environmental sustainability. This study investigates land cover dynamics in the Hambantota Municipal Council (MC) area, strategically located near major global shipping routes. Specifically, the study examines changes in vegetation and built-up areas over three time periods: 2001, 2013, and 2024. The objective is to understand the environmental impacts of urbanization driven by projects like the Hambantota Port and City Center development. Using satellite imagery and secondary datasets, the study employed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Urban Index (UI) analyses to assess land cover and urbanization trends. Findings reveal significant vegetation loss between 2001 and 2013 due to accelerated development, followed by stabilization from 2013 to 2024, attributed to structured urban planning and conservation efforts. Despite these improvements, wetland areas declined notably by 2024. The study recommends integrating infrastructure development with conservation strategies, including reforestation, habitat protection, community engagement, and adaptive management, to ensure sustainable growth while minimizing environmental degradation.